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The descant is a high line for the trebles of the choir that soars above the melody of a hymn – a melody that everyone has already sung three, four, five, or even seven times in a row already.

In writing a descant, sometimes you need to leave a word or two out for the music to flow. The work of the descant is done by the notes, and the words can be an unnecessary encumbrance. If you do use words, you might not necessarily use all of them. Or you might use just "alleluia", or even "ah".

So it is no surprise that the great composer Herbert Howells takes some liberties with texting his own descant to his glorious hymn tune MICHAEL.

"With utmost sonority". Translation: you're gonna hear about this at coffee hour. #Howells

A photo posted by dsinden (@dsinden) on Sep 14, 2016 at 10:33pm PDT

Here is a spectacular recording of this hymn sung by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. It's an arrangement brass, percussion, and organ by Christopher Palmer, but the harmonization and descant are Howells's own. Hear the whole thing below, or just go straight to the final stanza to hear Howells's descant.

It's really lovely, I think. And not every church musician seems to be aware that this is out there!

A couple points: the descant seems especially strong because it begins as a modified canon at the fourth. It's a highly effective way to draw the ear, and it staggers the descant away from the beginning of the melody. It's almost a surprise when it comes in. As in, "Oh, a descant too!". This technique is probably not used often enough in our hymn singing.

Furthermore, Howells does something rather interesting with the words. The descant is initially texted with the first stanza of Robert Bridges poem:

All my hope on God is founded;
he doth still my trust renew,
me through change and chance he guideth,
only good and only true.
God unknown, 
he alone
calls my heart to be his own.

While the choir and congregation have progressed to the final stanza:

Still from man to God eternal
sacrifice of praise be done,
high above all praises praising
for the gift of Christ, his Son.
Christ doth call
one and all:
ye who follow shall not fall.

But it should be said that the descanters sing only an abbreviated version of the first stanza. After the first two verses they skip to the fifth and then to the first part of the seventh for the peculiar turn of phrase: "God unknown calls my heart."

This really jumped out at me this last time I read it. I suppose it's not all that strange given that the only missing phrase here is "he alone". But it got me thinking about our unknown God.

What is it to say that God is "unknown"? We know him to a degree in the person of Jesus Christ. And so isn't it fascinating that these words about "God unknown" are paired with praise "for the gift of Christ his son"?

And the arrival of the descanters to the words of the final stanza pack a particular punch as they pivot on the word "call".

In the first stanza God "calls my heart to be his own". In the final, "Christ doth call" – and it should be noted that it is the same Christ for whom we praise the unknown God.

The cascading spirals of ascending praise are already rapturous at this point, and Howells's text setting makes them even more so.

But does it help us know God any better? Are we supposed to? Or is the person of God to be mysterious, and known, as his Christ, by his "call"?

We also often sing of "love unknown", as it is in the beginning of the anonymous 18th century hymn "Come, thou almighty king":

Come, thou almighty King,
help us thy Name to sing,
   help us to praise.
Father whose love unknown
all things created own,
build in our hearts thy throne,
   Ancient of Days.

And in the famous Samuel Crossman hymn that bears the phrase in the first line:

My song is love unknown, 
   my Savior's love to me,
love to the loveless shown
   that they might lovely be.

"Pop" Music Tangent: See also: Coldplay: "A Message" - relation to "My Song is Love Unknown"

And again in Charlotte Elliott's beautiful hymn "Just as I am, without one plea"

Just as I am, thy love unknown
   has broken every barrier down;
now to be thine, yea, thine alone,
   O Lamb of God, I come.

But one of the most fascinating "unknowns" in Christian hymnody is that of the unknown Traveler. Charles Wesley's hymn picks up on the anonymity of Jacob's wrestling partner in the hymn he called "Wrestling Jacob".

Come, O thou Traveler unknown,
   whom still I hold, but cannot see;
my company before is gone,
   and I am left alone with thee.
With thee all night I mean to stay,
and wrestle till the break of day.

And so it is that Jacob does engage in a prolonged stalemate with the Traveler, despite injury, and then the sun rises on the scene. It is the Traveler who asks to be let go in the story from Genesis, "for day is breaking". (I suppose that the rising sun would "shine too much light" on this conflict!)

And then there is the great ordeal of naming and identity. Jacob demands a blessing. The Traveler asks his name. Jacob gives it. The Traveler says, "now you shall be called Israel".

Then, in the Genesis story, remarkably, Jacob asks the Traveler's name. He seems to have forgotten for a moment that he really just wanted a blessing. Or, maybe he thinks knowing God in this way would be a greater blessing?

The Traveler responds, "why is it that you ask my name"?

In the story, we never get a name for the Traveler, but in Charles Wesley's hymn, there is a profound poetic resolution to all this wrestling.

...
Speak, or thou never hence shalt move,
and tell me if thy name is Love.

'Tis Love, 'tis Love! Thou diedst for me!
   I hear thy whisper in my heart:
the morning breaks, the shadows flee.
   Pure Universal Love thou art;
thy mercies never shall remove,
thy nature and thy name is Love.

God may be "unknown", but we know enough.

"God is love", or even better, "Pure Universal Love".

And what about us, called by God? How are we known?

If the spiritual has it right, and we do too, "they'll know we are Christians by our love".

Labels: Charles Wesley, Charlotte Elliott, church music, Howells, hymns, Jacob, Robert Bridges, Samuel Crossman

Something about the Very Rev. Neal Michell's easy dismissal of traditional sacred music in "A call to common prayer" is troubling, especially when held in tension with his points about a common rite. Music, I think, cannot be fully separated from the rite.

1. If "we a church under authority", who holds authority over the music. (Answer: rectors and deans. Question: what is the scope of their musical training? Does it compare to the rest of their liturgical training and practicum?)
2. "We are a church of common prayer." Yes we are. And is not service music and hymn singing a part of that common prayer? Are we singing the same corpus of hymns (i.e., are we using the Hymnal 1982?). Are we disproportionately using hymnal supplements? Are we singing the real Gloria and not just a reader's digest version?
3. "Using non-authorized rites is a bad idea" because "doing so exhibits an individualism that is antithetical to a church aiming to be catholic." Okay. So how is using "non-authorized" music any different?

Music, of course, should not be uniform, but neither should liturgy. Context is important.

I'm being naïve, surely. And yet I wonder if there isn't a double standard here.

My expereince leads me to believe there are probably just as many (if not more?) violations against "common music" than there are against "common prayer".

Labels: BCP, church music, liturgy

Today marks one year since the death of John Scott, the organist and director of music of St. Thomas Church, New York City, and one of the very finest church musicians the world has ever known.

Gentle Jesus, grant him eternal rest.

Nunc dimittis from Howells "St Paul's Service" from St Paul's Cathedral, London 28 January 2004
John Scott, Director of Music; Huw Williams, Sub-Organist

Labels: Howells, John Scott, St Paul's (London), St Thomas (New York)

If you're looking of canticles in the key of E for Evensong, here are some suggestions:

1. Herbert Murrill: Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in E

A solid, straightforward setting in which the organ ducks and weaves in and out of the choral texture. This one probably doesn't get enough respect.

Here's the Magnificat:

2. S. S. Wesley: Evening Canticles in E

A grandiose (long!) service, but with every ounce of Wesleyan refinement.

3. Pelham Humfrey: Evening Service in E minor

Humphrey (1647-1674) died at age 27, but not before leaving us this gorgeous verse service.

(A popular performing edition has this piece in F minor, but Humfrey wrote it in E so we include it here.)

4. Sydney Watson: Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in E

Watson was the conductor of the first performance of William Walton's The Twelve. Here's his contribution to the genre in this key: a quick, well-crafted, no nonsense setting. The Gloria is particularly arresting.

Watson in E - St. John's, Cambridge

5. Leo Sowerby: Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in E minor

And of course this list wouldn't be complete without the most famous American setting of the evening canticles in this key.

The Magnificat is wonderful, of course, but the Nunc dimittis is particularly expansive, as only Sowerby write. And, wait a minute, wasn't the Magnificat in minor? What key is this in?

Labels: canticles, Evensong, Humfrey, Murrill, Sowerby, Watson, Wesley

Leo Sowerby was affectionately known as the "Dean of American Church Music". He was an incredibly prolific composer of music in many genres, including choral anthems.

Here are five Sowerby anthems that every church musician should know.

1. I will lift up mine eyes

This is probably the most popular of Sowerby's anthems. While employing a good bit of chromaticism this anthem is well within the grasp of many church choirs. It requires an alto soloist.

2. I was glad

If Sowerby's setting of Psalm 121 (above) is rather constrained in scope, some of his music takes place on a somewhat larger scale and can unfold rather deliberately.

His setting of Psalm 122 ("I was glad") begins with a grand organ introduction and declamatory singing from the choir. Several minutes in a more lyrical, imitative section begins with the words "O pray for the peace of Jerusalem". The music picks up in intensity again at the concluding section, "For my brethren and companions' sakes".

Hallmarks of Sowerby's anthem writing are on display here with lyrical, soloistic organ interludes and a quiet, ecstatic organ coda.

3. Eternal light

Among his shorter works, the unaccompanied "Eternal light" is a work of near perfection, with shimmering harmonies at key moments. Most performances are around two minutes.

4. Now there lightens upon us

A passionate panegyric for the Epiphany season. This work unfolds slowly and smoothly, like a brilliant sunrise. The recording from St. Mark's Cathedral, Seattle gives the organ solo line to a viola, adding even more expressive possibilities.

5. Come, Holy Ghost

A freely composed work for Pentecost. Sowerby is unwavering in his 5/4 time signature.

Labels: church music, Sowerby